Lastly, an improved model combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD ... providing a more accurate representation of plume characteristics and their infrared signatures[5].

For phenomena like volcanic eruptions, where the shape and appearance of the smoke plume are determined by complex fluid dynamics, these physics-based techniques are essential for generating ...

Research in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics includes fluid-structure interactions, unsteady fluid flows, phase-based analysis of fluid flows, rarefied gas flow, particle flow simulation, aerodynamic ...

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) involves a laser ablation procedure, where a laser pulse interacts with a material surface to induce the formation of a plasma plume that expands away from the surface ..

and the integration of computational fluid dynamics. One significant area of research has been the development of improved gas diffusion models. For instance, an enhanced Gaussian plume model has ...