The iron and aluminium oxides collect in the 'B' horizon where the iron oxides can accumulate to form a thin layer of hardpan, which impedes drainage through the soil. Illuviation is the process ...

By Bruce Spangenberg Soils are the foundation of gardens and landscapes, featuring characteristics that vary among locations ...

so the aluminium and iron oxides are dispersed through the soil to give the overall brown colour. The original vegetation was deciduous forest, resulting in a layer of decaying leaves giving a ...

The Critical Zone is the thin layer of Earth's surface where rock ... nutrient cycling and soil formation. Researchers used geophysical surveying techniques; electrical resistivity tomography ...