From early optical microscopes to today’s suite of sophisticated tools like electron microscopy ... This section guides you through the process, focusing on identifying needs related to surface ...

It’s not your ordinary microscope. It fires electrons at a sample. Which creates a high-resolution image by scanning the surface topography. As well as data about the surface composition.

Ruska, along with his doctoral advisor Knoll, constructed the first electron microscope in 1931 ... For example, SEM can show us the topography of a specimen, meaning it gives a detailed 'map' of the ...

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Using visible wavelengths of light on the 400 – 700 nanometer (nm) range, the standard array of magnifying lenses in a compound microscope ... elemental composition of a sample surface and ...