Phage T4 polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (Pnkp) and RNA ligase 1 (Rnl1) are prototypal RNA healing and sealing enzymes. They function in vivo to repair a break in E. coli tRNA Lys triggered by phage ...

The battle between host and phage is epic, but may cease for the benefit of both. Lytic phages such as T4 invade, lyse their host and exit as victors. Temperate phages such as lambda decide when ...

The tail includes a collar (covered with contractile proteins for the most elaborated bacteriophages, such as the T2 and T4 phages) and ending by tail fibers enabling it to attach to the bacteries ...