An increased pressure gradient across the stenosis, or the presence of collateral circulation through the retroperitoneal, vertebral, intercostal, and azygos veins, are better indications of the ...

1 Hemiazygos continuation of left IVC is even rarer. An isolated left-sided IVC may drain via multiple possible pathways: (1) after receiving the renal veins, the left IVC may cross the midline to the ...

The heart was wrapped with ice-cold surgical gauze. The superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and azygos veins, azygos vein, aorta, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary veins were then ...

As a curious child, you might remember staring at an older relative's thick stockings at the blue, gnarled veins lying under the skin like bumpy snakes. Known as varicose veins, these blood ...

Spider veins, also known as telangiectasias or thread veins, resemble spider webs or tree branches. They occur when damage to blood vessels close to the skin's surface causes them to widen.

High blood pressure, stress, sun exposure, vein dysfunction, pregnancy, and other factors can contribute to the appearance of veins on the forehead. Genetic factors or age can influence whether ...

Waste clearance (WC) is an essential process for brain homeostasis, which is required for the proper and healthy functioning of all cerebrovascular and parenchymal brain cells. This review features ...

As you get older, it’s not uncommon to notice large, twisty veins forming on your legs. According to the Society for Vascular Surgery, as many as 40 million Americans have what are known as varicose ...

The superficial system lies above the muscle fascia in the subcutaneous tissues. The principal veins in the superficial system are the great saphenous vein (GSV) and the small saphenous vein (SSV).