Kidneys play a critical role in blood purification and urine production. Common symptoms of kidney damage include swelling of feet, frothy urine, blood in urine, loss of appetite, and tiredness.

When seen with granular casts, renal tubule epithelial cells are highly predictive of acute tubular necrosis and can help to exclude prerenal acute kidney injury, seen in postoperative patients ...

Several risk tools can accurately predict individual baseline risks of adverse events in people with chronic kidney disease. Here, the authors examine methods of assessing risk and discuss risk ...

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This is especially true as you get older. Age is a risk factor for hypertension. It also makes it harder to manage chronic illness. Stopping medication abruptly can cause serious symptoms. For example ...